·         Central nerveous system-Hydrocephalus, microcephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, holoprosencephaly, anencephaly, encephalocele.

·         Gastrointestinal system- GIT atresia, TOF, exomphalos, gastroschisis, diaphragmatic hernia.

·         Genitourinary system-Renal agenesis, horse shoe kidney.

·         Musculoskeletal- Holt—Oram, Fanconi’s and Ellis— Van Creveld syndromes, arthrogryposis.

·         Trisomy 21Approximately 50% risk of CHD. Associated with endocardial cushion defects, Fallot’s tetralogy, VSD.

·         Trisomy 13/18- Risk of CHD 90—99%. Associated / defects are VSD, Fallot’s tetralogy, double outflow right ventricle.


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