·         Fetal causes

Infection

Chromosomal abnormalities

Fetal syndromes

 

·         Maternal causes (systemic)

Pre-eclampsia

Hypertension

Chronic cardiac, renal, GIT disease

Connective tissue disorders, e.g. SLE

Hemoglobinopathy

 

·         Maternal causes (placental)

Placental insufficiency

Failure of development

Multiple infarcts

Partial abruption

 

·         Post-term pregnancy

 

·         Preterm rupture of membranes

 

·         Fetal demise

 

·         Obstructive uropathy- All causes extrinsic/intrinsic, e.g. purne belly syndrome, PUJ obstruction, caudal regression, absent urethra, etc.

 

·         Cardiovascular

·         Impending fetal death.