This is defined as skin oedema and fluid in one other potential space, e.g. pericardial, pleural or peritoneal. 

·         Immune- Secondary hemolysis of fetal cells by maternal antibodies, e.g. Rhesus disease, Kell antibodies.

·         Non-immune

·         Cardiovascular- Arrhythmias, both tachyarrhythmias and heart block. Anatomic defects — hypoplastic left heart, Ebstein anomaly, pulmonary aortic atresia, etc. Cardiomyopathy

Endocardial fibroelastosis

Myocarditis (coxsackieviru,CMV)

Tumor — rhabdomyoma. 

·         Pulmonary-  

Diaphragmatic hernia (fig. 1)

Cystic adenomatoid malformation

Chylothorax

Pulmonary sequestration.

  

Trisomy 21

Turner's syndrome

Triploidy.  

·         Hematologic- a Thalassemia.

  

CMV

Toxoplasmosis

Parvovirus

Rubella (Fig. 2)

Coxsackievirus

Herpes simplex

Respiratory syncytial virus.

 

 

 

 

Neuroblastoma

Teratoma

Congenital leukemia.

·         Liver-

Hepatic fibrosis

Hepatic vascular abnormality

Hemangioendothelioma.

·         Metabolic-

Gaucher’s disease

Gangliosidosis

Hurler’s syndrome

Mucolipidosis. (Fig. 3)

Vein of Galen aneurysm.

Achondroplasia

Achondrogenesis

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Thanatophoric dysplasia

Short rib—polydactyly syndrome

Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia

Conradi’s syndrome.

 

 

·         Muscular-

Pena—Shokeir syndrome

Pterygium syndrome

Arthrogryposis multiplex. (Fig. 4)




 

 

 

·         Syndromes-

Noonan's

Neu-Laxova

 

 

 

·         Maternal-

Severe anemia

Hypoproteinemia